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100 Famous |
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Laurence D Smart B.Sc.Agr., Dip.Ed., Grad.Dip.Ed
PO box 175, Kippax, ACT Australia 2615
Email: laurence@unmaskingevolution.com
Webpage: www.unmaskingevolution.com
[Free to print and distribute. Copy must be in full.]
Many of the founders of modern science saw no conflict between their Christianity, the Bible and science.
SCIENTIST |
DATES |
ACHIEVEMENTS |
Leonardo da Vinci |
1452-1519 |
Engineer, mathematician, architect, inventor, 'founder' of modern science. |
Nicholas Copernicus |
1473-1543 |
Astronomer, proposed the scientific theory of a sun-centred solar system. |
Tycho Brahe |
1546-1601 |
Astronomer, produced the Rudolphine Tables (star chart), debunked the theory of heavenly spheres, proposed the Tychonic System of cosmology, introduced apparatus accuracy, record accuracy and multiple observations to astronomy, made the first complete study of a comet, proposed the extreme distance of stars, showed the non-fixity of the universe. |
Lord Francis Bacon |
1561-1626 |
Scientist, formulated the scientific method, Lord Chancellor of England. |
Galileo Galilei |
1564-1642 |
Astronomer, physicist, popularised the sun-centred solar system, proved Kepler's Laws, advanced the design of telescopes, discovered sun-spots, the 4 moons of Jupiter & the phases of Venus, discovered that bodies fall with equal speed, the 'gal' geophysical unit named after him. |
Johann Kepler |
1571-1630 |
Astronomer, 'founder' of physical astronomy, discovered the laws of planetary motion, established the science of celestial mechanics, published the first ephemeris tables for tracking stars, contributed to the development of calculus. |
William Harvey |
1578-1657 |
Physician, discovered the circulation of the blood. |
Athanasius Kircher |
1601-1680 |
Inventor, studies anticipated the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics & the germ theory of disease. |
John Wilkins |
1614-1672 |
Leading organizer of the scientific movement, his proteges formed the Royal Society. |
Walter Charleton |
1619-1707 |
Physician, member of the Royal Society, president of the Royal College of Physicians. |
Blaise Pascal |
1623-1662 |
Mathematician, hydrostatics engineer, 'founder' of sciences of hydrostatics & hydrodynamics, laid the foundations for conic sections, differential calculus & probability theory, invented the barometer. |
Sir William Petty |
1623-1687 |
Physician, member of the Royal Society, helped found the science of statistics & also economics. |
Robert Boyle |
1627-1691 |
Chemist, 'father' of modern chemistry, one of the founders of the Royal Society, discovered the gas laws, co-discovered phosphorous, invented the match, measured the density of air, first to distinguish acids/bases/neutral substances, introduced the litmus test, actively opposed alchemy. |
John Ray |
1627-1705 |
Biologist, 'father' of the sciences of biology and natural history, one of the founders of the Royal Society, greatest authority of his day on botany & zoology. |
Christian Huygens |
1629-1695 |
Astronomer, mathematician, physicist, introduced the pendulum clock, developed the formula for pendulum periods, invented the telescope micrometer eye-piece, discovered the nature of Saturn's rings, proposed the wave theory of light, developed Huygen's Principle. |
Isaac Barrow |
1630-1677 |
Mathematician, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, taught maths to Isaac Newton. |
Nicholas Steno |
1631-1686 |
Geologist, developed the principles of stratigraphical interpretation. |
Robert Hooke |
1635-1703 |
Physicist, geologist, surveyor, propounded Hooke's Law of elasticity, popularized the microscope, coined the term 'cell', invented the universal-joint & the rolling drum recorder, one of the founders of the Royal Society. |
Thomas Burnet |
1635-1715 |
Geologists, one of the first geologists. |
Increase Mather |
1639-1723 |
Astronomer, comet expert, founder of the Philosophical Society, president of Harvard. |
Nehemiah Grew |
1641-1712 |
Physician, botanist, plant anatomy researcher, member of the Royal Society. |
Sir Isaac Newton |
1642-1727 |
Physicist, discovered the laws of motion, discovered the law of gravity, invented the reflecting telescope, co-developed calculus, discovered the composition of white light, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, president of the Royal Society. |
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz |
1646-1716 |
Mathematician, co-developer of calculus with Newton, invented the calculating machine, introduced the binary number system, anticipated the law of Conservation of Energy and Boolean logic. |
John Flamsteed |
1646-1719 |
Astronomer, produced the modern star map, founded the Greenwich Observatory, the first Astronomer Royal of England. |
William Derham |
1657-1735 |
Naturalist, Boyle lecturer, some consider him the 'father' of ecology. |
Cotton Mather |
1662-1727 |
Physician, president of Harvard, investigated the germ cause of smallpox, helped rid the USA of smallpox. |
John Woodward |
1665-1728 |
Physician, palaeontologist, a founding 'father' of geology, established the Cambridge Palaeontological Museum, Professor of Medicine at Gresham College (London). |
John Harris |
1666-1719 |
Mathematician, vice president of the Royal Society. |
William Whiston |
1667-1752 |
Mathematician, succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. |
John Hutchinson |
1674-1737 |
Palaeontologist, developed a strong system of natural philosophy. |
Carl Linnaeus |
1707-1778 |
Physician, biologist, Professor of Medicine and also Botany at Uppsala (Sweden), established the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and was its president, developed the Linnaean classification system, 'father' of biological taxonomy, developed a cure for venereal disease, introduced the symbols for male/female. |
Leonhard Euler |
1707-1783 |
Mathematician, Professor of Physics at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, mathematical notation, developed calculus of partial differences, developed fluid flow equations, introduced conic sections, developed fluid network theory, developed ephemeris tables for celestial bodies, introduced p , i, S and many other mathematical symbols, improved sun/moon/earth/tide calculations. |
Gustavus Brander |
1720-1787 |
Naturalist, palaeontologist, his fossil collection is in the British Museum, Fellow of the Royal Society, Trustee of the British Museum. |
Jean Deluc |
1727-1817 |
Naturalist, physicist, geologist, coined the word 'geology', invented the mercury thermometer & the hygrometer. |
Richard Kirwan |
1727-1817 |
Chemist, mineralogist, president of the Royal Irish Academy, produced the first systematic study of minerals. |
Sir William Herschel |
1738-1822 |
Astronomer, unravelled nebulae, discovered Uranus, produced the Global Star Catalogue, built giant telescopes. |
James Parkinson |
1755-1824 |
Physician, geologist, described Parkinson's disease, first to show the plant origin of coal. |
William Kirby |
1759-1850 |
Entomologist, famous for "On the History, Habits and Instincts of Animals" (subtitle). |
Jedidiah Morse |
1761-1826 |
Geographer, the leading USA geographer of his time, wrote the first USA geography textbook. |
Benjamin Barton |
1766-1815 |
Physician, botanist, zoologist, professor at Pennsylvania university, wrote the first USA botany textbook. |
John Dalton |
1766-1844 |
Chemist, meteorologist, 'father' of modern atomic theory, formulated the Law of Simple Multiple Proportions for compounds, formulated the gas Law of Partial Pressures, first to recognise and describe colour-blindness, founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. |
Georges Cuvier |
1769-1832 |
Anatomist, vertebrate palaeontologist, 'founder' of the sciences of comparative anatomy and palaeontology, introduced phyla to systematic classification, councillor to the Imperial University (Paris), member of the Royal Society. |
Charles Bell |
1774-1842 |
Surgeon, anatomist, discovered the fundamentals of nerves, 'father' of neurophysiology, Professor of Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons. |
John Kidd |
1775-1851 |
Physician, chemist, Professor of Chemistry at Oxford, pioneered the extraction of coal chemicals, his work led to the development of synthetics. |
Humphrey Davy |
1778-1829 |
Physicist, mentor of Faraday, discovered sodium & potassium, developed the motion theory of heat (Thermokinetics), invented the mining safety lamp, developed the medical uses of laughing gas, lecturer at the Royal Institution. |
Benjamin Silliman |
1779-1864 |
Geologist, chemist, 'founded' the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 'founder' & editor of the American Journal of Science, president of the Association of American Geologists, member of the National Academy of Sciences. |
Peter Mark Roget |
1779-1869 |
Physician, Roget's thesaurus, Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, secretary of the Royal Society. |
Sir David Brewster |
1781-1868 |
Mineralogist, astronomer, 'founder' of optical mineralogy, invented the kaleidoscope, helped found the British Association for the Advancement of Science. |
William Buckland |
1784-1856 |
Geologist, mineralogist, Oxford professor of geology & mineralogy. |
William Prout |
1785-1850 |
Chemist, physiologist, professor, early leader in the sciences of nutrition & digestion, first to identify the major food groups, recognised that atomic weights could be a series of relative whole numbers. |
Adam Sedgwick |
1785-1873 |
Geologist, Professor of Geology at Cambridge, identified and named major rock systems. |
Michael Faraday |
1791-1867 |
Chemist, physicist, proposed electric field theory, discovered the laws of electrolysis, discovered the law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday's Law), invented the transformer, dynamo, electric motor & electric generator, discovered benzene, successor to Humphrey Davy at the Royal Institution. |
Charles Babbage |
1791-1871 |
Mathematician, physicist, computer pioneer, operations researcher, developed actuarial tables, invented the first computer (calculating machine), invented skeleton keys, the speedometer, the ophthalmoscope, & cow catcher, founded the Cambridge Analytical Society, member of the Royal Society, founding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, helped found the Royal Astronomical Society & the Statistical Society, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. |
Samuel F. B. Morse |
1791-1872 |
Inventor, artist, invented the telegraph & morse code, founder & president of the National Academy of Design, built the first camera in USA, made the first photographic portrait, arts professor at New York University. |
Sir John Herschel |
1792-1871 |
Astronomer, physicist, meteorologist, geophysicist, expanded the global star catalogue, planned Ross' geomagnetic survey of the Antarctic, invented the cyanotype process & 'hypo' fixing in photography, made the first glass plate photograph, coined the terms 'snapshot' & 'negative'. |
Edward Hitchcock |
1793-1864 |
Geologist, contributed to glacial geology, Professor of Geology at Amherst College, 'founded' the science of ichnology, state geologist for both Vermont & Massachusetts. |
William Whewell |
1794-1866 |
General scientist, coined the terms 'anode', 'cathode', 'ion', 'scientist', 'physicist', & 'geological catastrophism', invented the anemometer, contributed to the study of tides. |
Joseph Henry |
1797-1878 |
Physicist, discovered the principle of self-induction, invented the galvanometer & the electromagnetic motor, professor at Princeton University, director of the Smithsonian Institute, charter member of the national Academy of Sciences, 'founder' and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Henry unit named after him. |
Sir Richard Owen |
1804-1892 |
Zoologist, palaeontologist, comparative anatomist, coined the word 'dinosaur', discovered the parathyroid gland, first to described the giant Moas, discovered the trichinosis parasite. |
Matthew Maury |
1806-1873 |
Hydrologist, oceanographer, 'founder' of the sciences of oceanography & hydrography, Professor of Meteorology at Virginia Military Institute, known as "the pathfinder of the seas". |
Louis Agassiz |
1807-1873 |
Palaeontologist, ichthyologist, 'father' of glacial geology & glaciology, developed the concept of an Ice Age, coined the term 'Ice Age', established the museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, biology lecturer at Harvard. |
Henry Rogers |
1808-1866 |
Geologist, Professor of Natural History at Glasgow University, conducted a detailed study of the Appalachians & the coal fields of UK & USA. |
James Glaisher |
1809-1903 |
Meteorologist, Superintendent at the Greenwich Observatory, developed the dew-point tables, established the British Meteorological Society, & the Aeronautical Society. |
Phillip H. Gosse |
1810-1888 |
Ornithologist, zoologist, Fellow of the Royal Society. |
Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson |
1810-1895 |
Archaeologist, Assyriologist, exposed & deciphered the Behistun inscriptions of King Darius, British minister in Persia, member of the Council of India. |
Sir James Simpson |
1811-1870 |
Physician, gynaecologist, 'founder' of gynaecology & anaesthesiology, discovered the medicinal use for chloroform, Professor of Obstetric Medicine at Edinburgh. |
James Dana |
1813-1895 |
Geologist, mineralogist, succeeded Benjamin Silliman at Yale, editor of the American Journal of Science, president of the Geological Society of America, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. |
Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert |
1817-1901 |
Agricultural chemist, Fellow of the Royal Society, developed nitrogen & superphosphate fertilizers, helped found the first agricultural research station, Professor of Rural Economy at Oxford. |
James Joule |
1818-1889 |
Physicist, established the mechanical theory of heat, discovered reversible thermodynamics, discovered the law of conservation of energy, first to estimate the speed of molecules of gas, co-discoverer of the Joule-Thompson Effect, chief 'founder' of thermodynamics, member of the Royal Society, president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the joule unit named after him. |
Thomas Anderson |
1819-1874 |
Chemist, Regius Professor of Chemistry at Glasgow, Fellow of the Royal Society, discovered pyridine & other organic bases. |
Charles Piazzi Smyth |
1819-1900 |
Astronomer, Edinburgh professor. |
Sir George Stokes |
1819-1903 |
Physicist, mathematician, developed Stoke's Law for viscosity, developed Stoke's Law for fluorescence, laid the foundation of fluid mechanics, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. |
Sir John William Dawson |
1820-1899 |
Geologist, investigated & documented the geology of Canada, first president of the Royal Society of Canada, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. |
Gregor Mendel |
1822-1884 |
Botanist, discovered the genetic laws of inheritance, 'father' of genetics. |
Louis Pasteur |
1822-1895 |
Physicist, chemist, bacteriologist, invented vaccination, pasteurization, sterilization & immunization, discovered the biological origin & control of fermentation, formulated the Law of Biogenesis, established the germ theory of disease, developed a vaccine for rabies, anthrax & diphtheria, 'father' of microbiology, Professor of Chemistry at Strasbourg, Director of Scientific Studies at École Normale (Paris), awarded the Legion of Honour, opposed spontaneous generation. |
Henri Fabre |
1823-1915 |
Entomologist, 'father' of modern entomology, opposed spontaneous generation. |
Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) |
1824-1907 |
Physicist, discovered Laws of Thermodynamics, invented the absolute temperature scale, supervised the design & laying of the trans-Atlantic cable, invented a tide predictor, ship's compass, & a depth-sounding gauge, Professor of Physics at Glasgow, Fellow of the Royal Society. |
Sir William Huggins |
1824-1910 |
Astronomer, discovered that stars are composed mostly of Hydrogen, identified the Doppler effect in astronomy. |
Bernhard Riemann |
1826-1866 |
Mathematician, developed the concept of Non-Euclidean geometry, originated Riemannian geometry which was used by Einstein to develop his theory of General Relativity. |
Sir Joseph Lister (Lord Lister) |
1827-1912 |
Physician, developed antiseptic surgery, invented dissolving stitches, fracture wiring, & surgical rubber drainage tubes, founded the Lister Institute of Preventative Medicine (London), Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Professor of Surgery at Glasgow. |
Balfour Stewart |
1828-1887 |
Physicist, his study of Earth's magnetic field & upper atmospheric electric currents led to the discovery of the ionosphere. |
James Clerk Maxwell |
1831-1879 |
Physicist, mathematician, developed the Electromagnetic Field Theory and the electromagnetic field equations, 'father' of statistical thermodynamics, calculated the speed of electromagnetic waves, member of the Royal Society, Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge. |
Peter Guthrie (P. G.)Tait |
1831-1901 |
Physicist, mathematician, laid the foundation for vector analysis, Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh, Professor of Mathematics at Belfast, colleague of Lord Kelvin. |
John Bell Pettigrew |
1834-1908 |
Anatomist, physiologist, president of the Royal Medical Society. |
Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt) |
1842-1919 |
Physicist, developed model analysis/dimensional analysis, discovered the Rayleigh scattering of light, developed the Raleigh-Jeans formula for black-body radiation, co-discovered argon and the inert gases, succeeded Maxwell at Cambridge, won the Nobel Prize for Physics. |
Sir William Abney |
1843-1930 |
Astronomer, studied interstellar molecules, president of the Royal Astronomical Society, president of the Royal Physical Society. |
Alexander MacAlister |
1844-1919 |
Zoologist, physiologist, Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge. |
Archibald. H. Sayce |
1845-1933 |
Archaeologist, Professor of Assyriology at Oxford, expert on Hittites and Assyrians. |
Sir John Ambrose Fleming |
1849-1945 |
Physicist, electrical engineer, 'father' of electronics, invented the thermionic valve (the electron tube), devised the Fleming Rules for electric currents, Professor of Electronic Engineering at London, president of the Television Society, Fellow of the Royal Society. |
Edward H. Maunder |
1851-1928 |
Astronomer, solar astronomer, president of the British Astronomical Association. |
Sir William Mitchell Ramsay |
1852-1916 |
Isotopic chemist, co-discovered argon, discovered krypton, xenon, radon & neon, discovered terrestrial helium, first to demonstrate the transmutation of elements through radioactive decay, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. |
Howard A. Kelly |
1858-1943 |
Physician, surgeon, Professor of Gynaecology & Obstetrics at John Hopkins University. |
George Washington Carver |
1864-1943 |
Agricultural chemist, developed uses for crops. |
Wilbur Wright |
1867-1912 |
Inventor, first powered flight. |
Orville Wright |
1871-1948 |
Inventor, first powered flight, invented a calculating machine. |
Douglas Dewar |
1875-1957 |
Naturalist, ornithologist, vice president of the Victoria Institute. |
Paul Lemoine |
1878-1940 |
Geologist, president of the Geological Society of France, Director of the Natural History Museum in Paris. |
Dr Charles Stine |
1882-1954 |
Organic Chemist, director of research for E.I. duPont. |
A. Rendle Short |
1885-1955 |
Physician, Professor of Surgery at Bristol. |
Dr L. Merson Davies |
1885-1955 |
Geologist, palaeontologist. |
Sir Cecil P. G. Wakeley |
1892-1979 |
Physician, Professor of Surgery at London, president of the Royal College of Surgeons. |
Dr Wernher von Braun |
1912-1977 |
Rocket engineer, planned space exploration & lunar landings, director of NASA |
References